Top 5 Congenital Heart Conditions in Dogs: PDA, SAS, PS, ASD/VSD, and Tetralogy of Fallot (NAVLE Notes) Congenital heart defects are structural abnormalities present at birth. Here’s an overview of the top five, including their typical presentations, diagnostic findings, and… Read More »Top Congenital conditions in Dogs and Cats for NAVLE Exam
Understanding NAVLE Results: Timing and Expectations When embarking on the journey to become a licensed veterinarian in North America, passing the North American Veterinary Licensing Examination (NAVLE) is a crucial milestone. As the pinnacle of veterinary education, the NAVLE represents… Read More »When do NAVLE results come out?
Top 3 Heart Block Patterns in Dogs: Second-Degree, Third-Degree, and Sick Sinus Syndrome (NAVLE Notes) Top 3 Heart Block Patterns in Dogs: Second-Degree, Third-Degree, and Sick Sinus Syndrome (NAVLE Notes) Heart block patterns in dogs can vary in severity, with… Read More »Heart Block Patterns in Dogs and Cats – NAVLE Notes
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) in Cats (NAVLE Notes) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common cardiac condition in cats, leading to thickening of the left ventricular wall and sometimes sudden death due to thromboembolism. It often presents in specific breeds with… Read More »Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) in Cats – NAVLE Notes
Top 3 Arrhythmias in Dogs: Atrial Fibrillation, Ventricular Premature Complexes, and Ventricular Tachycardia Top 3 Arrhythmias in Dogs: Atrial Fibrillation, Ventricular Premature Complexes, and Ventricular Tachycardia (NAVLE Notes) Arrhythmias, particularly atrial fibrillation (A-fib), ventricular premature complexes (VPCs), and ventricular tachycardia… Read More »Top 3 Arrhythmias in Dogs – NAVLE Notes
Myxomatous Mitral Valve Degeneration (MMVD, Endocardiosis) in Dogs (NAVLE Notes) Myxomatous mitral valve degeneration (MMVD), also known as endocardiosis, is a common degenerative heart disease in dogs, particularly small breeds. It leads to mitral valve insufficiency and can progress to… Read More »Myxomatous Mitral Valve Degeneration (MMVD, Endocardiosis) in Dogs—NAVLE Notes
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) in Dogs and Cats (NAVLE Notes) Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a condition in which the heart fails to maintain adequate blood flow, leading to fluid buildup in the lungs, abdomen, or both. Clinical signs, diagnosis,… Read More »Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) in Dogs and Cats—NAVLE Notes
Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) in Dogs (NAVLE Notes) Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a condition characterized by elevated pulmonary artery pressure, often secondary to other diseases. It frequently leads to exercise intolerance and respiratory distress in middle-aged to older dogs. Classic Case… Read More »Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) in Dogs – NAVLE Note
Heartworm Disease in Dogs and Cats (NAVLE Notes) Heartworm disease, caused by Dirofilaria immitis, is a serious parasitic infection that affects the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems. Clinical presentation and treatment differ between dogs and cats. Classic Case Diagnosis Treatment Key… Read More »Heartworm Disease in Dogs and Cats – NAVLE Notes
Pericardial Effusion (PE) in Dogs (NAVLE Notes) Pericardial effusion (PE) involves fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac, leading to cardiac tamponade and compromised heart function. Classic Case Diagnosis Treatment Key Points NAVLE-Style Practice Questions on Pericardial Effusion Question 1A 7-year-old… Read More »Pericardial Effusion (PE) in Dogs
Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) in Dogs (NAVLE Notes) Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a common cardiac disorder in large and giant dog breeds, characterized by weakened heart muscle, ventricular dilation, and reduced contractility, often leading to congestive heart failure (CHF). Classic Case… Read More »Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) in Dog